Can you list 10 existing backend registry providers to use for the next round of the ICANN new gTLD program?

The next round of the ICANN New gTLD Program is moving forward, with the complete draft Applicant Guidebook (AGB) published for Public Comment on May 30, 2025. All new gTLD applicants will be required to use Registry Service Providers (RSPs) that have been vetted through ICANN's RSP Evaluation Program. A list of successfully evaluated RSPs is expected to be published in December 2025, and the program will reopen in April 2026, concurrent with the launch of the next round of new gTLDs.

While an official, current list of vetted RSPs for the upcoming round isn't yet available, based on the previous round and current market presence, here are 10 existing backend registry providers that are highly likely to be key players and offer services for the next round:

1. CentralNic Registry: A leading provider of registry services for gTLDs, known for their comprehensive support and large network of registrars. They were a significant backend provider in the previous round.
2. Identity Digital (formerly Donuts): A major player in the new gTLD space, operating a vast portfolio of gTLDs. They offer end-to-end registry services.
3. GoDaddy Registry (formerly Neustar/Rightside): GoDaddy has a substantial registry operation, managing many gTLDs. They are a strong contender for providing backend services.
4. Afilias (now part of Identity Digital, but historically a distinct backend provider): While now part of Identity Digital, Afilias was a very prominent backend provider in the first round, offering robust registry services for numerous gTLDs. Their expertise and infrastructure likely remain a strong offering.
5. GMO Registry: A Japanese company that operates a number of gTLDs and offers backend registry services.
6. Google: While primarily known for its consumer-facing products, Google operates its own gTLDs and has the technical capability to offer backend registry services.
7. Tucows Registry Services: A long-standing domain name services provider with experience in ccTLDs and gTLDs, offering a range of registry services.
8. Afnic: The registry for .fr, Afnic also provides backend registry solutions for various gTLDs, particularly those with a French connection.
9. CIRA (Canadian Internet Registration Authority): The registry for .ca, CIRA offers registry services for gTLDs, emphasizing security, stability, and customer support.
10. Nominet: The registry for .uk, Nominet also offers backend registry services and has been selected by ICANN as an Emergency Backend Registry Operator (EBERO).

It's important to reiterate that applicants for the next round of new gTLDs must use RSPs that have successfully passed ICANN's RSP Evaluation Program. Therefore, prospective applicants should refer to the official list when it is published by ICANN in December 2025.

How much does it cost to contest a new gTLD application in the 2026 ICANN new gTLD program?

The specific cost to contest or object to a new gTLD application in the 2026 ICANN New gTLD Program has not yet been fully finalized and published. However, here's what we know based on the latest information from ICANN:

• Application Fees: While not directly an objection fee, it's important to note that the base application fee for a new gTLD in the next round is expected to be USD $227,000. This gives context to the general cost level of the program.
• Dispute Resolution Service Providers: ICANN is in the process of selecting Dispute Resolution Service Providers (DRSPs) to administer objections and dispute resolution proceedings for the next round. These DRSPs will be responsible for proposing a clear fee structure for each objection ground. This fee structure is expected to be published along with the rules by September 2025.
• Types of Objections: The New gTLD Program typically allows for several grounds of objection, including:
  • String Confusion Objection: When the applied-for gTLD string is confusingly similar to an existing TLD.
  • Legal Rights Objection: When the applied-for gTLD string infringes on the existing legal rights of the objector.
  • Limited Public Interest Objections: When the applied-for gTLD string is contrary to generally accepted legal norms of morality and public order.
  • Community Objection: When there is substantial opposition to the gTLD application from a significant portion of the community to which the gTLD string may be explicitly or implicitly targeted.

In summary:

You will need to wait until late May 2025 for the complete draft of the Applicant Guidebook (AGB) and specifically until September 2025 for the final fee structures for objections, which will be published by the selected Dispute Resolution Service Providers. The AGB will be the definitive guide for all aspects of the application and objection process, including costs.

Jean Guillon
+33.(0)6.31.10.98.37

What happens if two applicants apply for the same string in the next round of the ICANN new gTLD program?

When two or more applicants apply for the same string in the ICANN new gTLD program, it leads to a "contention set." ICANN has established specific procedures to resolve these contention sets, as only one applicant can ultimately be delegated the gTLD.

Here's a breakdown of what happens:

1. Identification of Contention Sets: ICANN identifies contention sets when identical or confusingly similar strings are applied for. This can be due to:
   • Exact Match: Two or more applicants apply for precisely the same gTLD string (e.g., both apply for ".example").
   • String Similarity/Confusion: The applied-for strings are deemed so similar that they could cause user confusion (e.g., ".hotels" and ".hoteis").
2. Contention Resolution Processes: ICANN's Applicant Guidebook outlines the mechanisms for resolving these contentions. The primary methods include:
   • Self-Resolution/Private Agreement: In the past, applicants in a contention set were given the opportunity to reach a private agreement among themselves. This might involve one applicant withdrawing their application in exchange for compensation from another, or forming a joint venture. However, for the "Next Round" of the New gTLD Program, ICANN has stated that private resolution of contention sets is generally not allowed. The Board has emphasized a holistic approach to contention resolution where net proceeds would benefit the global Internet community.
   • Community Priority Evaluation (CPE): If one or more of the competing applications is a "community-based" application (meaning it serves a specific defined community and has strong support from that community), it may undergo Community Priority Evaluation. If a community application demonstrates strong community support and meets the criteria, it may be prioritized over other applications in the contention set.
   • ICANN-Facilitated Auction (Auction of Last Resort): If applicants in a contention set cannot resolve the contention through other means (and assuming private resolution is prohibited in the current round), ICANN will conduct an auction. This is considered the "auction of last resort."
     • Applicants in the contention set submit bids.
     • The auction continues until only one applicant remains, and their string can be delegated.
     • The proceeds from these ICANN-facilitated auctions typically go to ICANN for the benefit of the global Internet community, rather than being divided among the applicants.
   • Opportunity for Alternate Strings (Next Round): For the upcoming round, ICANN is exploring allowing applicants to submit one or more alternate strings at the time of application. This could provide an option for an applicant to switch to an alternative string if their initial choice is in contention, potentially avoiding a contention set entirely or resolving it early.

It's important to note that the specific rules and procedures for contention resolution can evolve between rounds of the New gTLD Program, as ICANN continually reviews and updates its policies. The current discussions for the "Next Round" are focused on ensuring fairness, public interest, and exploring alternatives to purely private monetary resolutions.

Does the $25,000 ICANN annual fee remains for dotBrand applicants in the 2026 round of New gTLDs?

Yes, the annual fee for dotBrand TLDs is expected to remain around $25,800 per year for applicants in the 2026 round of New gTLDs.

While the main application fee for a new gTLD (including dotBrands) is projected to be $227,000, this is a one-time fee for the application and evaluation process. The annual management fee of approximately $25,800 is a separate, recurring cost for operating the TLD once it's delegated.

Are there extensions prohibited from being registered in the ICANN new gTLD program?

Yes, there are extensions that are prohibited from being registered in the ICANN new gTLD program, or that have specific restrictions. These prohibitions and restrictions are outlined in the Applicant Guidebook and related policies.

Here are some key examples:

• Reserved Names: ICANN maintains a list of reserved names that are generally unavailable for registration as gTLDs. This includes:
  • Two-character ASCII labels: These are reserved at the second level.
  • Country and territory names: These are generally reserved, though there are procedures to allow their release if certain agreements are reached with the relevant governments.
  • Names of specific international organizations: This includes names related to the International Olympic Committee, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and other intergovernmental organizations.
• Technical Requirements: Proposed gTLD strings must meet specific technical rules. For example, strings composed entirely of numbers are typically rejected.
• Confusingly Similar Strings: Applications for strings that are identical to existing top-level domains or confusingly similar to other applications in the same round are subject to contention procedures and may be rejected.
• Public Interest Objections: Applications can be rejected if the proposed gTLD string is deemed contrary to generally accepted legal norms relating to morality and public order, as recognized under principles of international law.
• Legal Rights Infringement: If a proposed gTLD string infringes on existing legal rights of others (e.g., trademarks), it can be objected to and potentially rejected.
• Geographic Names: Geographic names, if proposed as gTLDs, have additional requirements and often require agreement from the relevant governments or public authorities.
• Specific Industry Restrictions: Some gTLDs, like .bank and .insurance, have heightened security and operational requirements due to the sensitive nature of the industries they represent.

ICANN's goal with these restrictions is to maintain the security, stability, and interoperability of the Domain Name System (DNS), while also protecting legal rights and addressing public interest concerns.

How much does it cost to create a new domain name extension?

Creating a new top-level domain (TLD) extension, like .club or .consulting is a complex and very expensive process governed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). It's not the same as registering a domain name under an existing TLD (like buying "example.com").

Here's a breakdown of the significant costs involved, based on the most recent information from ICANN's next round of applications:

1. Application Fee:

• The primary application fee to ICANN for a new gTLD is $227,000 USD. This fee is designed to recover the costs of the entire New gTLD Program, including application processing, evaluation, and delegation.
• A deposit is typically required when registering, which is then credited against the evaluation fee.
• Additional fees may apply for certain "conditional evaluations" (e.g., for Community Priority Evaluations or .Brand TLD status).

2. Ongoing Fees (if successful):

• Annual Fixed Fee: If your application is approved and your TLD is delegated, you will typically pay a fixed annual fee to ICANN. In the past, this has been around $25,000 USD per year ($6,250 per quarter).
• Transaction Fees: There's also a transaction fee per domain name registered within your TLD. For example, ICANN has previously charged $0.25 USD per annual increment of an initial or renewal domain name registration, often kicking in after a certain number of transactions (e.g., 50,000 per quarter).

3. Other Significant Costs: The ICANN application fee is just the tip of the iceberg. The total cost to successfully launch and operate a new TLD can easily run into several million dollars. These additional costs include:

• Consulting and Legal Fees: Navigating ICANN's complex rules and preparing a robust application requires significant expertise. You'll likely need specialized consultants and lawyers.
• Technical Infrastructure and Operations: You need to establish and maintain a secure and reliable registry system to manage your new TLD. This includes DNS infrastructure, domain registration platforms (EPP), and technical personnel.
• Marketing and Business Development: To make your new TLD successful and attract registrations, you'll need substantial marketing and business development efforts.
• Dispute Resolution: If there are competing applications for similar TLDs, or if there are disputes during the process, you could incur additional fees for arbitration panels and legal battles.

In summary:

• The direct application fee to ICANN is currently $227,000 USD.
• Ongoing fees to ICANN, if successful, include an annual fixed fee (around $25,000 USD) and per-transaction fees.
• The overall cost of creating, launching, and maintaining a new domain name extension is estimated to be in the millions of dollars, due to the extensive technical, legal, and marketing requirements.

It's a process primarily undertaken by large organizations, governments, or specialized registry operators, not individuals.

Why should Trademarks consider applying for a dotBrand new generic Top-Level Domain?

Trademarks should strongly consider applying for a dotBrand new generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) due to the significant advantages it offers in terms of brand control, security, marketing, and customer trust.

Here's a breakdown of the key reasons:

1. Enhanced Brand Control and Ownership:

• Exclusive Namespace: A dotBrand gTLD (e.g., .yourbrand) gives the trademark owner complete and exclusive control over their entire digital namespace. Unlike generic TLDs like .com, where anyone can register a domain, only the brand owner can register domains under their dotBrand. This eliminates the risk of cybersquatting, typosquatting, and unauthorized use of the brand name in domain registrations.
• Self-Management of Domains: The brand owner becomes the Registry Operator for their gTLD, allowing them to determine the structure, subdomains, and use cases. This means they can create domains (e.g., product.yourbrand, support.yourbrand, campaign.yourbrand) as needed without having to acquire them from third parties or worry about availability.
• Reduced Dependency on Third Parties: By operating their own TLD, brands can reduce their reliance on external DNS services and the associated costs, while also having full control over their domain name infrastructure.

2. Superior Security and Trust:

• Mitigation of Online Threats: DotBrand gTLDs offer robust protection against phishing, spoofing, and fraudulent websites. Customers can instantly recognize that any website ending in the brand's dotBrand is legitimate and authorized, fostering greater trust and confidence.
• Internal Security Enhancement: A dotBrand can also enhance internal security, ensuring employees can trust communications and platforms within the brand's ecosystem, from email servers to internal applications.
• HSTS Preload List: DotBrand gTLDs can be added to the HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) Preload list, forcing all connections to the TLD to use HTTPS, further strengthening security.

3. Powerful Marketing and Branding Opportunities:

• Stronger Brand Differentiation: A dotBrand places the company's brand name front and center, reinforcing brand identity with every online interaction. It makes domain names more readable, memorable, and intuitive, easily guiding customers to relevant content.
• Unlimited Flexibility for Campaigns: Brands can quickly create short-term domains for marketing campaigns, product launches, or specific initiatives (e.g., promo.yourbrand, newproduct.yourbrand) without the hassle or cost of acquiring generic domains.
• Consistent Branding Message: A dotBrand creates a reliable and consistent branding message, allowing companies to clearly communicate, "If it's not our name to the right of the dot, it's not us."
• Potential SEO Advantages: While direct SEO benefits are debated, a dotBrand can contribute to a stronger online presence and user experience, which can indirectly impact search engine rankings.

4. Streamlined Operations and Cost Reduction:

• Reduced Defensive Registrations: By owning their TLD, brands can significantly reduce the need for costly defensive domain name registrations across various generic and new gTLDs, leading to long-term cost savings.
• Simplified Domain Management: Managing domains under a single, controlled TLD simplifies the entire domain lifecycle, from registration to maintenance.
• Faster Response to Cyber Threats: With full control, brands can respond more quickly to cyber threats and take down fraudulent domains under their TLD.

Examples of dotBrand Adoption: Many large organizations, particularly in the finance and automotive sectors, have adopted dotBrand gTLDs, such as:

• .google (Google)
• .barclays (Barclays Bank)
• .bmw (BMW)
• .bnpparibas (BNP Paribas)
• .bank (used by various banks for enhanced trust)

In conclusion, while the application process for a dotBrand gTLD can be complex and requires a significant investment, the long-term benefits in terms of brand protection, security, marketing potential, and operational control make it a compelling consideration for established trademarks in the digital age.

New gTLDs: what is a mandatory backend registry provider?

In the context of new gTLDs (generic Top-Level Domains), a mandatory backend registry provider refers to a specialized organization that provides the core technical infrastructure and services necessary to operate a gTLD. ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), the governing body for domain names, requires all new gTLD applicants to utilize evaluated backend registry providers for the stable, secure, and reliable operation of their TLDs.

Here's a breakdown of what that entails:

Key Roles and Responsibilities of a Backend Registry Provider:

• Maintaining the Registry Database: This is the central database of all domain names registered under a specific gTLD. The backend provider ensures the accuracy, integrity, and availability of this data.
• Operating DNS (Domain Name System) Servers: They run the critical infrastructure that translates human-readable domain names (like "example.com") into IP addresses that computers use to find websites. This includes ensuring high availability and resilience of DNS services.
• Implementing DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions): A crucial security measure that adds a layer of trust to the DNS by cryptographically signing data, protecting against certain types of attacks like DNS spoofing.
• Providing EPP (Extensible Provisioning Protocol) Services: EPP is the standard communication protocol between registries and registrars, enabling registrars to register, manage, and transfer domain names in the gTLD.
• Offering RDAP (Registration Data Access Protocol) Services: RDAP replaces the older WHOIS protocol, providing a standardized way to access registration data for domain names.
• Data Escrow: Backend providers are responsible for securely depositing a copy of the gTLD's registration data with a third-party escrow agent, ensuring data continuity in case of a registry operator's failure.
• ICANN Compliance: They play a significant role in ensuring the gTLD's ongoing compliance with ICANN's numerous technical, operational, and policy requirements, including reporting and abuse management.
• Emergency Back-end Registry Operator (EBERO) Program Support: ICANN has established the EBERO program to mitigate risks in case a gTLD operator fails. Backend providers contribute to this continuity framework.
• Abuse Management Support: Assisting the registry operator in handling reports of abuse, such as phishing, malware, or spam, within the gTLD.

Why is it "Mandatory"?

ICANN has established a Registry Service Provider (RSP) Evaluation Program for the New gTLD Program: Next Round. This program evaluates the technical capabilities of backend providers to ensure they meet the stringent requirements for operating a gTLD. All new gTLD applicants are required to use RSPs that have been successfully evaluated through this program. This streamlines the application process by separating the technical assessment of the backend from the gTLD application itself, and it ensures a baseline level of technical competence and security for all new gTLDs.

In essence, while a gTLD applicant owns the right to operate a specific TLD (e.g., .brand or .city), they often outsource the complex technical operations to a specialized backend registry provider. This ensures the stability, security, and smooth functioning of the gTLD for all its users.

How is the INTA important in the ICANN new gTLD program?

The International Trademark Association (INTA) plays a significant role in the ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) new generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) program, primarily as an advocate for trademark owners. Here's how INTA is important:

1. Advocating for Trademark Protection:

• Early Concerns: From the program's inception, INTA voiced concerns about the potential for increased online trademark infringement and consumer confusion due to the vast increase in the number of gTLDs. They emphasized the need for effective mechanisms to protect trademark rights.
• Policy Input: INTA actively participates in ICANN's policy development processes related to the new gTLD program. They submit comments, participate in working groups, and advocate for policies that safeguard trademark interests. For instance, they have provided feedback on the Applicant Guidebook and proposed language for the next round of the program.
• Rights Protection Mechanisms (RPMs): INTA has been a key stakeholder in the development and implementation of various RPMs within the new gTLD program. These mechanisms aim to mitigate potential trademark abuse. Some notable RPMs include:
  • Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH): INTA supported the establishment of the TMCH, a central database of trademarks that applicants for new gTLDs must search before launching their TLDs. This allows trademark owners to receive notifications of potentially infringing domain name registrations during the "Sunrise" and "Claims" periods.
  • Sunrise Period: INTA advocated for robust Sunrise periods, which provide trademark owners with an initial opportunity to register domain names corresponding to their trademarks in new gTLDs before general availability.
  • Trademark Claims: INTA supported the Trademark Claims service, which notifies potential domain name registrants that the domain name they are seeking matches a record in the TMCH. It also informs trademark owners when a domain name matching their mark has been registered.
  • Legal Rights Objections (LROs): INTA was involved in discussions surrounding the LRO process, a pre-delegation dispute resolution mechanism that allows trademark owners to object to a new gTLD application if they believe its use would infringe their existing trademark rights. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was appointed as the exclusive provider of LRO dispute resolution services.
  • Uniform Rapid Suspension (URS): INTA acknowledges the URS as a post-delegation mechanism that offers a faster and cheaper way for trademark holders to address clear-cut cases of infringement compared to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP).

2. Providing Expertise and Guidance:

• Cost Impact Analysis: INTA has conducted studies to assess the impact of the new gTLD program on trademark enforcement costs for intellectual property owners. This research provides valuable data for ICANN and trademark owners to understand the financial implications of the expanded domain name space.
• Educational Resources: INTA offers resources and guidance to its members on navigating the complexities of the new gTLD landscape and utilizing the available rights protection mechanisms effectively.

3. Ongoing Engagement:

• Subsequent Procedures: INTA continues to engage with ICANN in the "Subsequent Procedures" process, which aims to review and potentially revise the new gTLD program based on the experience gained from the first round. This ensures that trademark concerns remain a key consideration in future developments of the program.
• Monitoring and Advocacy: INTA actively monitors the implementation and impact of the new gTLD program and continues to advocate for measures that enhance trademark protection in the evolving domain name system.

In summary, INTA is a crucial stakeholder in the ICANN new gTLD program, representing the interests of trademark owners globally. Through its advocacy, policy input, and expertise, INTA plays a vital role in shaping the program and ensuring the protection of intellectual property rights in the expanded domain name space.

Will there be a .SEO new gTLD application submitted in the 2026 ICANN new gTLD round?

While it's impossible to definitively say if a ".SEO" new gTLD application will be submitted in the 2026 ICANN round, here's a breakdown of factors to consider:

Likelihood Factors:

• Previous Interest: During the 2012 new gTLD application window, there was at least one application for a ".SEO" top-level domain. This indicates prior interest in having such a domain extension.
• Industry Relevance: Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a significant and well-established industry. A dedicated TLD could be seen as a relevant and potentially valuable namespace for SEO professionals, businesses, and related services.
• Branding and Identity: A ".SEO" TLD could provide a clear and specific online identity for those in the SEO field.

Uncertainty Factors:

• Success of Previous Applications: The outcome of the ".SEO" application in the 2012 round is unknown (it may have been withdrawn or not approved). The perceived success or failure of similar niche gTLDs from the previous round could influence future applications.
• String Confusion: ICANN evaluates applied-for strings for potential confusion with existing TLDs or other applied-for strings. It's possible that ".SEO" could be considered confusingly similar to other existing or potential TLDs.
• Applicant Business Case: Applying for and operating a new gTLD is a significant undertaking, involving substantial costs and ongoing responsibilities. Potential applicants would need a strong business case demonstrating the viability and value of a ".SEO" TLD.
• Competition: Even if an application is submitted, there might be contention from other applicants seeking the same or similar strings, potentially leading to an ICANN auction to resolve the contention.

General Information about the 2026 ICANN New gTLD Round:

• Application Window: The application submission period is expected to open in April 2026 for approximately 12 to 15 weeks.
• Applicant Guidebook (AGB): The AGB, which serves as the rulebook for the program, is expected to be finalized by May 2025.
• Evaluation Fee: The anticipated evaluation fee for a new gTLD application is USD $227,000, although this is subject to change.
• Registry Service Provider (RSP) Evaluation Program: ICANN has a program to pre-evaluate Registry Service Providers. The pre-evaluation application period is open until May 20, 2025, and a second evaluation period will coincide with the gTLD application window.
• Applicant Support Program (ASP): This program offers financial and non-financial support to eligible applicants who demonstrate financial need and come from underserved regions.

In Conclusion:

While there was past interest in a ".SEO" gTLD, whether an application will be submitted in the 2026 round is still uncertain. It will depend on various factors, including the perceived viability and business case for such a TLD, potential competition, and the applicant's assessment of the costs and benefits involved. Keep an eye on ICANN's official announcements for updates on submitted applications once the application window opens in April 2026.

List five mandatory backend registry providers for the ICANN new gTLD program

I cannot provide a list of five mandatory backend registry providers for the ICANN new gTLD program.

Here's why:

• No Mandatory Providers: ICANN does not mandate the use of specific backend registry providers. Applicants for new gTLDs have the flexibility to choose a provider that meets ICANN's technical and operational requirements. They can even operate the backend themselves if they have the necessary capabilities.
• Registry Service Provider (RSP) Evaluation Program: ICANN has introduced a Registry Service Provider (RSP) Evaluation Program for the upcoming round of new gTLD applications (expected to open in April 2026). This program evaluates RSPs to ensure they meet the required technical qualifications to operate a gTLD backend.
• Requirement to Use Evaluated RSPs: All new gTLD applicants will be required to use RSPs that have been successfully evaluated through this program. This doesn't mean specific providers are mandatory, but rather that the provider chosen must have gone through and passed ICANN's evaluation process.
• List of Evaluated RSPs: ICANN will publish a list of pre-evaluated RSPs. Applicants will need to select their backend provider from this list. The first evaluation period for RSPs is currently underway, from November 2024 to May 2025, with a list of evaluated RSPs expected in December 2025.

In summary, instead of a list of five mandatory providers, the ICANN new gTLD program requires applicants to use a backend registry service provider that has been evaluated and approved through their RSP Evaluation Program. You will need to consult the list of evaluated RSPs that ICANN will publish to see the available options.

General Information about Backend Registry Providers:

A backend registry provider offers the technical infrastructure and services necessary to operate a top-level domain (TLD). These services include:

• Operating the domain name system (DNS) infrastructure to ensure that domain names resolve to the correct IP addresses.
• Maintaining the registry database which contains information about registered domain names and their owners.
• Providing the Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) for registrars to interact with the registry system for domain name registration and management.
• Operating the Registry Data Access Protocol (RDAP) which allows the public to query registration data.
• Undertaking the cryptographic operations for DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) to enhance the security of the DNS.
• Providing data escrow services to ensure the continuity of the TLD in case of registry failure.

Choosing a reliable and experienced backend registry provider is crucial for the successful operation of a new gTLD. The ICANN RSP Evaluation Program aims to streamline this process by ensuring that the providers meet the necessary standards.

What is the ICANN ASP program?

The ICANN Applicant Support Program (ASP) is an initiative within the New Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD) Program: Next Round. Its primary goal is to make the application process for new gTLDs and the operation of a registry more accessible to entities that might otherwise be unable to participate due to financial and resource limitations.

Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of the ASP:

Purpose:

• To foster a more diverse and inclusive New gTLD Program by supporting applicants who face financial and resource constraints.
• To enable new communities, geographies, and voices to be represented in the Domain Name System (DNS).
• To provide opportunities for innovation and competition within the domain name space.

Support Offered:

The ASP provides both financial and non-financial assistance to qualified applicants. This includes:

• Significant reduction in New gTLD Program evaluation fees: Supported applicants may receive a 75-85% reduction in these fees.
• Access to an Applicant Counselor: This counselor provides guidance on the gTLD application process and helps identify relevant resources.
• Access to pro bono services: ICANN is working to connect supported applicants with service providers offering voluntary professional services.
• Training and other resources: The program aims to equip applicants with the knowledge and tools needed throughout the application, contracting, delegation, and registry operation phases.

Eligibility:

To qualify for the ASP, applicants must demonstrate financial need and financial viability and fall into at least one of the following categories:

• Non-profits, charities, or equivalent organizations.
• Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).
• Organizations representing Indigenous/Tribal Peoples.
• Social impact or public benefit micro- or small-sized businesses.
• Micro- or small-sized businesses from a less-developed economy (as defined by the United Nations).

Application Process:

• The ASP application process is separate from the New gTLD Program application.
• The application submission period for the current round of the ASP began on November 19, 2024, and is expected to close on November 19, 2025.
• Applicants are encouraged to apply early.
• Applications are evaluated based on financial need, financial viability, and eligible entity status, among other criteria.
• A comprehensive guide to the application and evaluation process is available in the ASP Handbook.

Important Considerations:

• Qualifying for ASP support does not guarantee qualification for a gTLD. Applicants must still meet all the requirements of the New gTLD Program.
• Operating a gTLD registry requires significant ongoing operational, technical, and financial resources, even with the support provided by the ASP.

In summary, the ICANN ASP program is a crucial initiative designed to broaden participation in the New gTLD Program by offering financial and non-financial support to eligible organizations facing resource limitations. This aims to foster a more diverse and representative internet landscape.

Where are listed the existing new generic Top-Level Domains from the previous round of the ICANN new gTLD program?

The first round of ICANN's new gTLD program in 2012 resulted in the delegation of over 1,200 new generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs) into the internet's root zone. These included a variety of strings, encompassing generic terms, brands, geographic indicators, and community-based names, as well as Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs).

However, ICANN does not maintain a single, static list of all existing new gTLDs from the first round. The most comprehensive way to find these gTLDs is through the following resources:

• ICANN's Delegated Strings List: This is the most authoritative source. You can find a list of all delegated strings, including those from the 2012 round, on the ICANN website. You would typically look for a section related to the "New gTLD Program" or "Delegated Strings."
• ICANN's Program Status Page: This page provides an overview of the program and often includes links to lists and statistics related to the delegated gTLDs.
• IANA Root Zone Database: The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains the root zone database, which lists all TLDs, including the new gTLDs delegated through the program. This is a technical list but contains all the information.
• Registry Operator Websites: Each new gTLD has a sponsoring organization or registry operator. Their websites will list the TLDs they manage. You would need to know which organization operates which gTLD to use this method effectively.
• Domain Name Registrars: Many domain name registrars will allow you to search for and explore the available new gTLDs. While this won't give you a single list, it's a way to see many of them in practical use.

Examples of categories and some gTLDs from the first round include:

• Generic Terms: .app, .blog, .cloud, .design, .digital, .online, .shop, .site, .tech
• Brand Names: .google, .amazon, .canon, .bmw, .sony
• Geographic Names: .berlin, .nyc, .tokyo, .london
• Community-Based: .catholic, .islam, .lgbt, .music
• Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs): These are gTLDs in non-Latin scripts, such as those in Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, and other languages.

It's important to note that the landscape of gTLDs is dynamic. Some TLDs might not be actively marketed or may have limited registration. The resources mentioned above will provide the most current and accurate information.

ICANN is currently working on the next round of the new gTLD program, with applications expected to open in April 2026. This will introduce even more new gTLDs to the internet.

Which budget to create a new generic Top-Level Domain with the ICANN?

The budget required to create a new generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) with ICANN involves several fees. It's important to note that the application windows for new gTLDs are not always open, and the next round is expected to have its application window open in April 2026 for 12-15 weeks.

Here's a breakdown of the costs involved based on the latest information:

1. gTLD Evaluation Fee:

• The expected evaluation fee for a new gTLD application is USD $227,000.
• This fee is intended to cover ICANN's costs for the New gTLD Program, including processing applications, delegation, communication, onboarding evaluation panels, software licenses, and contract execution.
• This fee does not include additional costs for conditional evaluations, which are optional assessments for special status (e.g., Community Priority Evaluation or .Brand TLD status). These will be charged separately.
• If an applicant applies for more than four variant strings under one primary gTLD, they must pay the USD $227,000 evaluation fee for each additional variant beyond the fourth.

2. Applicant Support Program (ASP):

• ICANN offers financial and non-financial assistance through the ASP for qualified applicants who might face financial constraints.
• The discounted gTLD evaluation fee for qualified ASP applicants will range between USD $34,500 and USD $56,750. This includes a USD $2,500 deposit. The exact amount depends on the final number of qualified ASP applicants.

3. Potential Additional Fees:

• Registry Service Provider (RSP) Evaluation Program: If you plan to operate the registry yourself, you might need to engage a Registry Service Provider. ICANN has a voluntary evaluation program for RSPs. The evaluation fee for RSPs is set at a maximum of USD $92,000, due at the time of application. This fee may be lowered and refunds issued if more applications are received than projected.
• Conditional Evaluations: As mentioned earlier, these elective evaluations for special status will incur additional fees, which will be determined before the application window opens.
• Dispute Fees: If your application faces objections or if there are competing applications for a similar gTLD, you might incur dispute filing and panel fees.
• Legal and Administrative Costs: Beyond ICANN's fees, you should also budget for your own legal counsel to help with the application process and potential disputes, as well as administrative costs for preparing the application.
• Ongoing Registry Fees: If your application is successful, you will also need to budget for ongoing operational costs, including ICANN's annual registry maintenance fee (currently USD $24,000) and potentially transaction-based fees depending on the number of domain name registrations under your TLD.

Refunds:

ICANN has a refund policy for the gTLD evaluation fee if an applicant withdraws their application at different stages of the process. The refund amounts decrease as the application progresses.

In summary, the primary cost to create a new generic Top-Level Domain with ICANN in the next application round (expected in 2026) is the evaluation fee of USD $227,000. However, the total budget will likely be significantly higher when considering potential additional fees, legal and administrative costs, and ongoing operational expenses. It is crucial to carefully review the New gTLD Program Applicant Guidebook for the most up-to-date and detailed information on all applicable fees.

How many questions are there to submit a new gTLD application to the ICANN?

The application process for a new gTLD is complex and involves providing substantial information to ICANN. While the exact number of questions to submit an application isn't a fixed figure that ICANN publicly states, the application form requires detailed responses across various categories.

Based on the ICANN's Applicant Guidebook and related resources, the application requires comprehensive information in areas such as:

• General Information: Details about the applicant organization, its legal structure, history, and contact information.
• Financial Capability: Demonstration of the applicant's financial resources to operate the registry. This includes providing financial statements, funding plans, and projections.
• Technical and Operational Capability: Evidence of the applicant's ability to manage the technical infrastructure and operations of a TLD registry, including DNS management, security, and business continuity plans.
• String Selection: Information about the applied-for gTLD string, its intended purpose, and how it aligns with any community it may serve.
• Policy and Procedures: Proposed policies for the operation of the TLD, including domain name registration policies, dispute resolution mechanisms, and measures to prevent abusive use.
• Marketing and Promotion (if applicable): Plans for marketing and promoting the new gTLD.

The application form is extensive, with numerous sub-sections and detailed questions within each category. Applicants need to provide thorough and well-documented responses to demonstrate their qualifications.

It's important to note that the next application submission period for new gTLDs is expected to open in Q2 2026. The Applicant Guidebook, which contains the detailed application form and all requirements, is estimated to be finalized in May 2025.

The initial evaluation fee for a new gTLD application in the upcoming round is USD $227,000. Additional fees may apply for evaluations of variant strings or specific application types.

Therefore, while a precise number of questions isn't available, the application process is known to be detailed, requiring extensive information across several critical operational and financial aspects. The Applicant Guidebook, once released, will provide the full scope of the questions and required information.

How long does it take the ICANN to validate a new gTLD application?

The time it takes ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) to validate a new gTLD (generic Top-Level Domain) application is a complex process with several stages and a variable timeline. Based on the information available:

Current Status and Expected Timeline:

• ICANN is currently preparing for the next round of new gTLD applications, which is expected to open in April 2026.
• The application submission period is projected to last for 12-15 weeks.
• Before the application window opens, ICANN needs to finalize the Applicant Guidebook (AGB), which is estimated to be completed by May 2025. This guidebook will detail the application requirements and evaluation criteria.
• ICANN estimates that it will take approximately one year after the completion of the AGB to operationalize the application evaluation process and open the application submission period.
• The overall evaluation process for a new gTLD application is expected to take 8 to 18 months after the application window closes. This includes several stages that an application might need to pass.

Key Stages in the gTLD Application Process:

1. Application Window: A period during which applicants can submit their applications through ICANN's dedicated online system. This is expected to open in April 2026 for 12-15 weeks.
2. Initial Evaluation: ICANN evaluates the applied-for gTLD string, the applicant's qualifications, and the proposed registry services.
3. Extended Evaluation (if needed): If an applicant fails the initial evaluation, they may have the option to apply for an extended evaluation process.
4. String Similarity Review: Algorithmic and linguistic evaluations are conducted to identify any applied-for gTLDs that are confusingly similar to existing TLDs.
5. Background Screening: Comprehensive due diligence is performed on applicants, including criminal history and business checks.
6. Community Priority Evaluation (if applicable): For community-based applications, ICANN assesses whether they meet the criteria for priority.
7. Name Collision Review: Potential risks of name collision with existing domains are evaluated.
8. Registry Agreement: Successful applicants proceed to sign a registry agreement with ICANN.
9. Delegation: The new gTLD is officially added to the root zone of the internet. ICANN expects new gTLDs to be delegated within one year of signing the registry agreement.

Important Considerations:

• The timeline provided is an estimate and subject to change based on the complexity and volume of applications received.
• ICANN aims for subsequent application rounds to occur in the future, but the exact dates are not yet available.
• Applicants need to demonstrate the operational, technical, and financial capabilities to run a registry.

Therefore, while the initial validation of the application for completeness occurs shortly after the application window closes, the entire process from application submission to delegation can take well over a year, potentially ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 years or even longer, depending on the various evaluation stages and any potential issues encountered. The next application window is anticipated to open in April 2026, so the validation and delegation of those new gTLDs would extend into 2027 and beyond.

How old must a Trademark be to be submitted as a dotBrand type of application in the 2026 round of the ICANN new gTLD program?

While specific details for the 2026 round are still being finalized by ICANN, the general requirement based on previous rounds and the function of the Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH) is that the trademark must be registered and in force at the time of submission.

Here's a breakdown of why and what that generally entails:

• Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH): To apply for a dotBrand gTLD, the trademark intended for use in the TLD must be recorded in the TMCH. The TMCH is a database of validated trademarks. Its purpose is to help rights holders protect their trademarks during the launch of new gTLDs.
• Eligibility for TMCH: The TMCH generally accepts:
  • Trademarks registered at a national or regional level.
  • Marks protected by statute or treaty.
  • Marks validated by a court decision.
• Trademarks Under Application: Trademarks that are currently under application are not accepted by the TMCH. This implies that the trademark needs to have completed the registration process to be eligible for inclusion in the TMCH and subsequently used in a dotBrand application.
• "In Force" Requirement: The trademark registration must be active and not subject to any invalidation, cancellation, or rectification proceedings.

Therefore, to be submitted as a dotBrand application in the 2026 round, the trademark must be fully registered and legally "in force" by the time of application. While there isn't a specific minimum age requirement (e.g., it must be registered for at least one year), the registration process itself can take time. Therefore, it is crucial to have the trademark registered well in advance of the application window, which is expected to open in April 2026.

In summary: The key criterion isn't the age of the trademark, but its registered and active status at the time of application and its successful recordation in the Trademark Clearinghouse.

What is the Trademark Clearinghouse in the ICANN new gTLD program?

The Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH) is a database established by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) as part of its New generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) Program. It serves as a central repository for trademark data, aiming to protect trademark holders' rights during the introduction of new gTLDs.

Here's a breakdown of its key aspects:

Purpose:

• Rights Protection: The primary goal of the TMCH is to help trademark owners protect their brands in the expanded domain name system resulting from the introduction of numerous new gTLDs (e.g., .app, .shop, .berlin).
• Verification and Authentication: The TMCH verifies and authenticates trademark information from various jurisdictions worldwide. This includes registered trademarks, marks protected by statute or treaty, and court-validated marks.
• Centralized Database: It maintains a database of these verified trademarks, making the information accessible to new gTLD registries and registrars.

Key Functions and Benefits for Trademark Holders:

• Sunrise Period: Trademark holders who have registered their marks with the TMCH are granted priority access to register domain names that match their trademarks during the "Sunrise Period" before the general public. This allows them to secure their key domain names in the new gTLDs before cybersquatters or other parties can.
• Trademark Claims Service: During the general availability period of a new gTLD, if someone attempts to register a domain name that matches a trademark recorded in the TMCH, they will receive a notification warning them about the potential trademark infringement.
• Claims Notification to Trademark Holders: Simultaneously, the trademark holder registered in the TMCH will also be notified if a domain name that matches their trademark has been successfully registered in a new gTLD. This allows them to take appropriate action if they believe their rights are being infringed.
• Simplified Verification: Once a trademark is verified and recorded in the TMCH, the trademark holder does not need to go through the verification process for every new gTLD.
• Global Coverage: The TMCH accepts and verifies trademark data from multiple global regions, providing broad protection.

How it Works:

1. Trademark Submission: Trademark holders (or their agents) submit their trademark information and relevant documentation to the TMCH for verification. This typically includes proof of registration and evidence of use.
2. Verification Process: The TMCH verifies the submitted information to ensure the validity of the trademark.
3. Database Record: Once verified, the trademark details are entered into the TMCH database.
4. Sunrise Registration: During the Sunrise Period of a new gTLD launch, trademark holders in the TMCH can register domain names matching their trademarks through participating registrars. They will typically need to provide a Signed Mark Data (SMD) file obtained from the TMCH as proof of their registration.
5. Claims Notifications: After the Sunrise Period, the Trademark Claims service becomes active. Registrars are required to check the TMCH database during domain name registration in new gTLDs. If a match is found, the potential registrant is notified. Similarly, the trademark holder is informed of the registration.

Important Considerations:

• Not a Trademark Registry: The TMCH is not a trademark registration authority. It relies on existing trademark registrations from national or regional intellectual property offices, court-validated marks, or marks protected by law or treaty. Registering with the TMCH does not grant trademark rights.
• Second-Level Domains: The TMCH primarily focuses on protecting trademarks in the second-level domain (the part before the dot, e.g., "yourbrand" in "yourbrand.newgtld").
• Cost: There are fees associated with registering a trademark with the TMCH.
• No Guarantee Against Infringement: While the TMCH provides valuable tools, it does not guarantee that trademark infringement will not occur. Trademark holders still need to actively monitor and enforce their rights.
• Uniform Rapid Suspension (URS): The TMCH works in conjunction with other rights protection mechanisms in the ICANN New gTLD Program, such as the Uniform Rapid Suspension (URS), which provides a faster and cheaper dispute resolution process for clear cases of infringement.

In summary, the Trademark Clearinghouse is a crucial component of the ICANN's New gTLD Program, designed to mitigate potential issues for trademark holders arising from the significant expansion of the domain name space. It offers proactive mechanisms like Sunrise registration and reactive notifications through the Trademark Claims Service to help brand owners protect their online identity.

What is a new gTLD backend registry provider?

A new generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) backend registry provider is an organization that manages the technical infrastructure and operations for a new gTLD. When ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) expanded the number of gTLDs beyond the traditional .com, .org, and .net, each new TLD needed a backend registry to function.

Here's a breakdown of what that entails:

Key Roles of a Backend Registry Provider:

• Technical Infrastructure: Maintaining the necessary hardware and software to operate the gTLD, ensuring its stability, security, and reliability. This includes the Domain Name System (DNS) infrastructure to resolve domain names to IP addresses.
• Registry Database: Managing the central database of all domain names registered under the specific gTLD. This involves storing and updating information about domain name holders, registration dates, and name servers.
• Shared Registration System (SRS): Operating the system that allows registrars (companies that sell domain names to the public) to communicate with the registry to register, renew, transfer, and manage domain names. The Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) is a common standard used for this communication.
• Registry Data Directory Services (RDDS): Providing access to domain name registration data, often through a "WHOIS" service or its successor, the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP). This allows the public to look up information about registered domain names.
• DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC): Implementing security protocols to protect the DNS from threats like DNS cache poisoning, ensuring the integrity of domain name resolution.
• Data Escrow: Regularly depositing a copy of the registry database with a third-party escrow provider to ensure business continuity in case of registry failure.
• Abuse Management: Establishing and enforcing policies to address and mitigate abusive activities, such as spamming or phishing, within the gTLD.
• Compliance with ICANN Policies: Adhering to the rules, regulations, and contractual obligations set forth by ICANN.
• Billing and Reporting: Managing the financial aspects of the registry operations, including billing registrars and providing necessary reports.

Examples of Backend Registry Providers:

Several organizations provide backend registry services for new gTLDs. Some prominent examples include:

• CentralNic: Manages a significant number of new gTLDs and offers a comprehensive suite of registry services.
• Identity Digital Inc. (formerly Afilias): Another major player in the registry services industry, supporting numerous new gTLDs.
• GoDaddy Registry: Provides backend services for a variety of TLDs.
• Tucows Registry Services: Offers registry solutions for several new gTLDs.
• Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA): While primarily known for managing the .ca country code top-level domain, CIRA also provides backend services for new gTLDs.
• Nominet: The registry operator for the .uk domain, also provides backend services for other gTLDs.
• Afnic: The French Network Information Center, managing the .fr TLD, also offers its expertise as a backend provider.

These providers offer the technical expertise and infrastructure required for the stable and secure operation of new gTLDs, allowing organizations that applied for and were granted the rights to operate a new TLD to focus on the policy, marketing, and overall management of their domain extension. ICANN has also established a Registry Service Provider (RSP) Evaluation Program to ensure that backend providers meet certain technical qualifications.

How many domain names the owner of a new Registry should sell to be profitable?

Determining the exact number of domain name sales needed for a new Registry to become profitable is complex and depends on numerous factors. There isn't a one-size-fits-all answer. Here's a breakdown of the key elements influencing profitability:

Costs for a New Registry:

• ICANN Fees: The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) charges various fees, including an annual accreditation fee (currently $4,000) and transaction-based fees.
• Technical Infrastructure: Setting up and maintaining the necessary infrastructure, including servers, software, and security measures, is a significant expense.
• Operational Costs: This includes staffing, office space, legal fees, marketing, and customer support.
• Registry Operator Fees: If the new Registry operates a specific Top-Level Domain (TLD) like .web, .shop, etc., they might have paid a substantial fee to acquire the rights to operate that TLD (in some cases, millions of dollars). They also pay ongoing fees to ICANN.
• Marketing and Outreach: Promoting the new TLD and encouraging registrations requires investment.

Revenue Streams for a Registry:

• Domain Name Registration Fees: Registries charge registrars (companies that sell domain names to the public) a wholesale fee for each domain name registered under their TLD.
• Renewal Fees: Similar to registration fees, registries earn revenue each time a domain name is renewed. This can be a significant and recurring revenue stream.
• Additional Services: Some registries might offer premium services or features for an extra cost.

Factors Influencing Profitability:

• Wholesale Price: The price the Registry charges registrars per domain name directly impacts revenue. This price needs to be competitive yet profitable.
• Registration Volume: The number of domain names registered under the new TLD is crucial. Higher registration volumes lead to greater revenue.
• Renewal Rate: A high renewal rate ensures a consistent revenue stream over time.
• Operating Costs: Efficient management of operational costs is essential for profitability.
• Competition: The number and popularity of other TLDs can affect the registration volume of a new TLD.
• Marketing Effectiveness: Successful marketing campaigns can drive higher registration numbers.
• Value Proposition of the TLD: If the new TLD offers a specific and valuable niche (e.g., .tech for technology companies), it might attract more registrations.

Illustrative Example (Simplified):

Let's imagine a hypothetical scenario:

• The new Registry's annual operating costs (including ICANN fees and infrastructure) are $500,000.
• The wholesale fee charged to registrars is $5 per domain name.
• The average domain name is registered for one year.

In this simplified example, the Registry would need to sell $500,000 / $5 = 100,000 domain names in the first year just to break even (not considering any potential initial investment for the TLD itself).

Important Considerations:

• This is a very basic illustration. Real-world scenarios involve more complex cost structures, varying registration periods, and the potential for premium domain sales at higher prices.
• The initial investment to acquire and set up a new Registry can be substantial, so profitability will be achieved after recovering these initial costs.
• Renewal rates are critical for long-term profitability. A steady stream of renewals from previously registered domains can significantly contribute to revenue in subsequent years.

In conclusion, there is no specific number of domain names that guarantees profitability for a new Registry. It is a dynamic calculation heavily influenced by its cost structure, pricing strategy, the perceived value of its TLD, and its ability to attract and retain domain name registrations. A thorough business plan with detailed financial projections is essential for a new Registry to estimate its path to profitability.

What is a new generic Top-Level Domain?

A new generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) is a domain name extension that is not tied to a specific country or territory. It's the part of a web address that comes after the final dot (e.g., .com, .org, .net). These gTLDs are managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).

Historically, there were a limited number of gTLDs, such as .com (originally for commercial entities), .org (originally for non-profit organizations), and .net (originally for network infrastructures). However, in a move to expand the internet's domain name system and increase competition and choice, ICANN introduced a program to allow for many new gTLDs.

Key Aspects of New gTLDs:

• Increased Choice: The introduction of new gTLDs has significantly increased the variety of domain name endings available. This allows individuals, businesses, and organizations to find more specific and relevant domain names that can better reflect their brand, industry, or purpose.
• Branding Opportunities: New gTLDs offer enhanced branding possibilities. For example, a photography business can use a .photography domain, a tech company can use .tech, or a shop can use .shop. This can lead to more memorable and descriptive web addresses.
• Niche Targeting: Some new gTLDs cater to specific industries, professions, or interests, allowing for better targeting of niche audiences. Examples include .lawyer, .doctor, .music, and .blog.
• Availability: With the large number of new gTLDs, there is a greater chance of finding a desirable and short domain name compared to the more saturated traditional gTLDs like .com.
• Brand Protection: Companies can apply for their own branded TLDs (known as ".brand" TLDs), such as .google or .bmw. This allows them to have complete control over the domain names under their brand, enhancing security and trust.

Examples of New gTLDs:

There are now hundreds of new gTLDs available, spanning various categories:

• Industry-specific: .tech, .shop, .bank, .lawyer, .doctor, .realtor, .hotel, .restaurant
• Brand names: .google, .apple, .canon, .nike
• Geographic: .london, .nyc, .berlin, .paris
• General/Descriptive: .online, .store, .blog, .news, .app, .web, .cloud, .design, .space, .live, .now
• Community-based: .gay, .lgbt, .music, .art, .football

Benefits of Using New gTLDs:

• Stronger Brand Identity: A relevant gTLD can reinforce your brand and make your website address more meaningful.
• Improved SEO Potential: While not a direct ranking factor, a keyword-rich gTLD (e.g., a pet store using .pet) can help search engines understand the nature of your website.
• Greater Credibility and Trust: Specific gTLDs like .bank or .gov can instantly convey trust and authority in their respective fields. Brand TLDs offer a high level of trust as they are directly associated with a known entity.
• Better Online Real Estate: New gTLDs provide more opportunities to secure the exact domain name you want, without having to settle for long or less relevant alternatives.
• Targeted Marketing: Using a niche-specific gTLD can help attract a more focused audience.

In conclusion, new gTLDs represent a significant expansion of the internet's naming system, offering a wider range of choices and opportunities for individuals and organizations to establish their online presence in a more meaningful and effective way.

What is a second level domain?

A second-level domain (SLD) is the part of a domain name located directly to the left of the top-level domain (TLD). It's the unique identifier of a website. Think of it as the specific name you choose for your website.

In the domain name www.example.com:

• .com is the top-level domain (TLD).
• example is the second-level domain (SLD).
• www is a subdomain (sometimes called a third-level domain).

The SLD is what people typically remember and associate with a website. It often represents the brand name, organization, or the general topic of the website. When you register a domain name, you are essentially registering a unique second-level domain under a specific top-level domain.

Here are some more examples:

• In google.fr, "google" is the SLD, and ".fr" is the ccTLD.
• In wikipedia.org, "wikipedia" is the SLD, and ".org" is a generic TLD.
• In bbc.co.uk, "co" is a second-level domain within the ".uk" ccTLD, and "bbc" is a third-level domain.

Choosing a good second-level domain is important for branding, memorability, and how easily people can find your website online.

What is a ccTLD?

A ccTLD stands for country code Top-Level Domain. It is a two-letter internet domain name extension reserved for a specific country, sovereign state, or dependent territory. These codes are based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard.

Think of it like a digital passport that tells people and search engines where a website originates geographically.

Here are some examples of ccTLDs:

• .fr for France
• .de for Germany
• .it for Italy
• .es for Spain
• .uk for the United Kingdom
• .ca for Canada
• .jp for Japan
• .cn for China

ccTLDs can be useful for businesses or individuals who want to target a specific country or region. It can help with local SEO and build trust with local audiences. In some cases, there might be restrictions on who can register a domain name under a specific ccTLD, such as requiring a local presence.